Recovery mechanisms

Four distinct recovery paradigms form the comparison set.

Rule-based reconfiguration

Fixed heuristics for restoring operation.

Fault-tolerant-trained MARL

Policies trained or fine-tuned with faults injected during training.

Hierarchical supervisor-agent

An additional agent monitors others and intervenes when recovery is required.

LLM-agent replanning

An LLM reads structured system state and produces a recovery plan through environment control tools.